Analysis of the public financial investment in elite sport in chile / Análise da contribuição financeira para o esporte de elite no chile / Análisis de la contribución financiera al deporte de élite en chile

Abstract Funding is one of the most controversial areas when analyzing the likelihood of performance in elite sports. In order to establish the level of funding available in this area, it was necessary to establish certain conceptual margins with respect to elite sport and to determine the different sectors of sport that fit the proposed conceptual definition. Using a non-experimental descriptive method, based on empirical research in sports sciences and a meta-analysis strategy secondary information available on various websites of public services of Chile, together with yearbooks and information requested from entities linked to elite sport, Secondary information was collected that allowed knowing the different lines of funding from each of the factors and sub-factors of pillar 1 of the SPLISS model, proposed by De Bosscher et al. (2006) for the achievement of elite sport achievement that was part of the study. In conclusion, it can be established that a permanent increase in funding does not guarantee performance in elite sports.

Resumo O financiamento é uma das áreas mais controversas ao analisar a probabilidade de desempenho no esporte de elite. Para estabelecer o nível de financiamento disponível nesta área, foi necessário estabelecer certas margens conceituais a respeito do esporte de elite e determinar os diferentes setores do esporte que se encaixam na definição conceitual proposta. Utilizou-se um método descritivo não experimental, baseado em pesquisa empírica em ciências do esporte e uma estratégia de meta-análise, informações secundárias disponíveis em vários sites de serviços públicos do Estado do Chile, juntamente com anuários e informações solicitadas de entidades ligadas ao esporte de elite. Foram coletadas informações secundárias que permitiram conhecer as diferentes linhas de financiamento de cada um dos fatores e subfatores do pilar 1 do modelo SPLISS, proposto por De Bosscher et al. (2006) para a ocorrência de realizações esportivas de elite que fizeram parte do estudo. Em conclusão, pode-se estabelecer que um aumento permanente no financiamento não garante o desempenho no esporte de elite.

Resumen El financiamiento es uno de los aspectos más controvertidos a la hora de analizar la probabilidad de rendimiento en el deporte de élite. Para establecer el nivel de financiación disponible, fue necesario establecer ciertos márgenes conceptuales con respecto al deporte de élite y determinar los diferentes sectores del deporte que se ajustan a la definición conceptual propuesta. Se utilizó un método descriptivo no experimental basado en la investigación empírica en ciencias del deporte. Se empleó una estrategia de meta-análisis y se obtuvo información secundaria disponible en los sitios web de servicios públicos chilenos, además de anuarios e información solicitada a entidades vinculadas al deporte de élite. Esta información secundaria permitió conocer las diferentes líneas de financiamiento de cada uno de los factores y subfactores del pilar 1 del modelo SPLISS, propuesto por De Bosscher et al. (2006) para la consecución del deporte de élite que formaron parte del estudio. En conclusión, se puede establecer que un aumento permanente en la financiación no garantiza el rendimiento en el deporte de elite.

Validation of the ST3x1 Step Test as an estimator of peak VO2 in adults with cardiovascular risk factors / Validación del Test de Escalón ST3x1 como estimador del VO2 pico en adultos con factores de riesgo cardiovascular

Abstract Objective: To validate a tool for assessment and control of functional capacity and peak oxygen uptake. Methods: A transversal, correlational study was conducted in which 111 subjects (49.81 ± 11.16 years) were evaluated, their body mass index (BMI) was 31.42 ± 4.07, classified with moderate and high cardiovascular risk, according to the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Its peak oxygen uptake was measured directly and also through the Step Test 3x1 (ST3x1). Results: Peak oxygen uptake in ST3x1 corresponded to 28.54 ml•kg-1•min-1 and direct measurement at 28.14 ml•kg-1•min-1, with a "strong positive" Pearson correlation r = 0.81, Student n/s p = 0.14 Conclusion: ST3x1 is a valid alternative to estimate peak oxygen uptake in the group studied, and can be used in mass public health physical activity programs.

Resumen Objetivo: Validar una herramienta de estimación y control de la capacidad funcional y el consumo de oxígeno pico. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, correlacional donde se evaluaron a 111 sujetos (49.81 ± 11.16 años), su índice de masa corporal (IMC) fue de 31.42 ± 4.07, clasificados con riesgo cardiovascular mediano y alto, según la American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Se midió su consumo pico de oxígeno en forma directa y también a través del Step Test 3x1 (ST3x1). Resultados: El consumo de oxígeno pico en ST3x1 correspondió a 28.54 mlŸkg -1 Ÿmin -1 y en la medición directa a 28.14 mlŸkg -1 Ÿmin -1, con una correlación de Pearson fuerte positiva r = 0.81, Student n/s p = 0.14. Conclusión: ST3x1 se presenta como alternativa para estimar el consumo de oxígeno pico en el grupo estudiado, pudiendo ser usado en programas masivos de actividad física en salud pública.

Actividad física, obesidad y autoestima en escolares chilenos: Análisis mediante ecuaciones estructurales / Physical activity, obesity and self-esteem in chilean schoolchildren

Background: Obesity is a worldwide epidemic disease and a problem for the Chilean society. Aim: To analyze the relationship between physical condition, body mass index (BMI), level of physical activity and self-esteem. Material ad Methods: Questionnaires to assess self-esteem (Rosemberg scale) and levels of physical activity (Physical Activity Questionnaire for older Children, PAQ-C) were answered by 515 children aged 10.5 ± 0.5 years from 27 schools of Santiago de Chile. BMI was calculated. Course-Navette test was carried out, vertical jump and hand dynamometry were measured. For statistical analysis, structural equations were used. Results: An acceptable goodness of fit for the models was found. There was a positive relationship between BMI and hand dynamometry, as well as a negative relationship between BMI and maximal oxygen consumption, jumping ability, physical activity and self-esteem. Finally, self-esteem was positively related to physical activity engagement. Conclusions: In these children, self-esteem was related to physical activity variables.

Entrenamiento aeróbico de alta intensidad: Historia y fisiología clínica del ejercicio / High intensity aerobic interval training: history and clinical exercise physiology

La transición epidemiológica observada en las últimas décadas ha implicado un aumento creciente de enfermedades crónicas, fenómeno asociados con el estilo de vida de la población, al modelo alimentario y al sedentarismo, lo que predispone a la obesidad y a la resistencia a la insulina, condicionando patologías cardio metabólicas como la hipertensión arterial y la dislipidemia, favoreciendo el desarrollo del síndrome metabólico. El tratamiento consiste en el manejo farmacológico, mejoras en los hábitos alimentarios y la incorporación de la actividad física a la rutina diaria. Tradicionalmente los programas de ejercicio están orientados a un método aeróbico para mejorar los parámetros alterados. Sin embargo, actualmente han surgido nuevas estrategias de intervención como el entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad, que ha evolucionado como un modelo de intervención eficaz, con real impacto en el estado de salud de la población. El objetivo de esta revisión es entregar una mirada histórica y actualizada del ejercicio interválico de alta intensidad, de su impacto en la población y de las adaptaciones fisiológicas que respaldan su uso como herramienta terapéutica.

The epidemiological transition observed in recent decades has led to a continuous increase in chronic non communicable diseases, phenomenon associated with the lifestyle of the population, the dietary pattern and physical inactivity, which predisposes to obesity and insulin resistance, conditioning cardiometabolic disease such as hypertension and dyslipidemia, allowing the development of metabolic syndrome. The treatment consists of pharmacological management, improving dietary habits and the incorporation of physical activity into the daily routine. Traditionally exercise programs are oriented to aerobic methods for improving altered parameters. New intervention strategies such as high-intensity interval training have been developed, which has evolved as a model of effective action, with a real positive impact on the health status of the population. The objective of this review is to provide a historical and updated look of high-intensity interval exercise, its impact on the population and physiological adaptations that support its use as a therapeutic tool.

Análisis de variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco y su relación con la sensibilidad insulínica en pacientes obesos y con sobrepeso / Heart rate variability and insulin resistance among obese males

Background: Heart rate variability analysis provides quantitative information about vagal and sympathetic modulation of cardiac function. Aim: To analyze the relationship between heart rate variability and insulin resistance in obese patients. Material and Methods: Male participants were studied, divided in 10 obese subjects aged 27 ± 2 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 31.2 ± 1.3 kg/m², 15 overweight subjects aged 24 ± 3 years with a BMI of 26.7 ± 1.5 kg/m² and 14 normal weight subjects aged 21 ± 2 years with a BMI of 22.5 ± 1.3 kg/m². Resting heart rate variability was measured in a period of 5 minutes. A spectral analysis was done measuring the low frequency/high frequency ratio (LF/HF). A non- linear analysis was carried out measuring the standard deviation of the instantaneous variation of RR intervals (SD1) and α-1 or a fractal analysis of RR interval complexity. A fasting blood sample was obtained to measure blood glucose and insulin and calculate the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: Among obese subjects HOMA-IR, LF/HF, α-1 and SD1 values were 2.6 ± 2.1, 2.4 ± 1.8, 1.2 ± 0.06 and 22.5 ± 10 respectively. The figures for normal weight subjects were 0.5 ± 0.1, 1.3 ± 0.2, 0.9 ± 0.3 and 26 ± 7.8 respectively. Conclusions: There is an association between spectral and fractal values of heart rate variability and HOMA-IR. These results may indicate a predominance of sympathetic control of heart rate among obese subjects.

El entrenamiento aeróbico de intervalo de alta intensidad mejora el consumo de oxígeno peak en pacientes con síndrome metabólico: CAT / High intensity aerobic interval training improves peak oxygen consumption in patients with metabolic syndrome: CAT

Introducción El síndrome metabólico consiste en una serie de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, que se caracterizan por un mayor depósito de grasa a nivel abdominal, resistencia a la insulina, bajo nivel de lipoproteinas de alta densidad y triglicéridos elevados. Uno de los principales déficits que presentan los sujetos que la padecen es una disminución de su consumo de oxígeno. Objetivo Comprobar la validez y aplicabilidad de los resultados con respecto a la efectividad del entrenamiento aeróbico de intervalos de alta intensidad en sujetos con síndrome metabólico. También se busca responder la siguiente interrogante ¿puede el entrenamiento aeróbico de intervalos de alta intensidad mejorar el consumo de oxígeno peak? Método Se analizó el artículo “Efecto del entrenamiento aeróbico de intervalos sobre capacidad del ejercicio y los factores de riesgo metabólico en personas con trastornos cardiometabólicos”, revisión sistemática. Resultados El entrenamiento aeróbico de intervalos de alta intensidad podría incrementar el consumo de oxígeno peak presentando una diferencia media estandarizada de 3,60 mL/kg-1/min-1 (IC 95 por ciento; 0,28–4,91). Conclusión A pesar de las limitaciones metodológicas que presentan los estudios primarios incluidos en la revisión sistemática, se encuentra razonable la aplicación del entrenamiento aeróbico de intervalos de alta intensidad en pacientes con síndrome metabólico para mejorar el consumo de oxígeno peak.

Introduction A number of cardiovascular risk factors characterizes the metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance (IR), low HDL cholesterol and high triglycerides. The aforementioned risk factors lead to elevated levels of abdominal adipose tissue, resulting in oxygen consumption deficiency. Purpose To verify the validity and applicability of using high intensity interval training (HIIT) in subjects with metabolic syndrome and to answer the following question: Can HIIT improve peak oxygen consumption? MethodThe systematic review "Effects of aerobic interval training on exercise capacity and metabolic risk factors in individuals with cardiometabolic disorders" was analyzed. Results Data suggests high intensity aerobic interval training increases peak oxygen consumption by a standardized mean difference of 3.60 mL/kg-1/min-1 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.28-4.91). Conclusion In spite of the methodological shortcomings of the primary studies included in the systematic review, we reasonably conclude that implementation of high intensity aerobic interval training in subjects with metabolic syndrome, leads to increases in peak oxygen consumption.